Levator Scapula – Functional Anatomy

Overview

The Levator scapula is a ropy extrinsic back muscle that connects the scapula to the upper cervical vertebrae. Its function and variations are more involved than most muscles.

Origin

• Transverse processes of C1-C4

Insertion

• medial border of the scapula

Function

• elevation of the scapula
• assists in the retraction of the scapula
• assists in the downward rotation of the scapula

Nerve

• dorsal scapular nerve, C4-C5

Functional Considerations

As the name implies, it elevates the scapula. This action assists in the downward rotation of the scapula. Anchoring the upper extremity permits the upper sections to help rotate the upper cervicals and extend the neck. At the same time, it helps to rotate the scapula downwardly when the neck is stable.

The Twist

The bellies attached to the upper vertebrae attach to a lower and more medial spot on the scapula. Conversely, the bellies attach to the lower vertebrae attach more superiorly and laterally. This creates a twist in the muscle. Consequently, the upper bellies are positioned to be more effective in elevating the scapula. Meanwhile, the lower bellies are better at retracting the scapula.

The levator scapula is stretched by Forward-Head Posture, elevating and protracting the scapula.

As noted below, there are a significant number of anomalies in the lower attachment. Obviously, when this muscle attaches to the ribs or serratus posterior superior, elevation of the scapula is impaired.